I. VOCABULARY
| Từ vựng | Loại | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
| Aboriginal | a | /ˌæbəˈrɪdʒənəl/ | nguyên sơ, nguyên thủy |
| Ancestor | n | /ˈænsestər/ | tổ tiên |
| Anniversary | n | /ˌænɪˈvɜːsəri/ | lễ kỷ niệm, ngày lễ |
| Ceremony | n | /ˈserɪməni/ | nghi thức, nghi lễ |
| Celebration | n | /ˌseləˈbreɪʃən/ | sự tổ chức |
| Bicentenary | n | /ˌbaɪsenˈtiːnəri/ | lễ kỉ niệm cứ 200 năm tổ chức 1 lần |
| Assimilation | n | /əˌsɪmɪˈleɪʃən/ | sự đồng hóa |
| Bravery | n | /ˈbreɪvəri/ | sự dũng cảm |
| Bridegroom | n | /ˈbraɪdɡruːm/ | chú rể |
| Conflict | n | /ˈkɒnflɪkt/ | sự xung đột |
| Contract | n | /ˈkɒntrækt/ | hợp đồng |
| Contractual | a | /kənˈtræktʃuəl/ | thuộc hợp đồng |
| Conversely | adv | /ˈkɒnvɜːsli/ | ngược lại |
| Coordinator | n | /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪtər/ | người phối hợp |
| Currency | n | /ˈkʌrənsi/ | tiền tệ |
| Custom | n | /ˈkʌstəm/ | phong tục |
| Deliberately | adv | /dɪˈlɪbərətli/ | một cách có chủ ý, có toan tính |
| Denounce | v | /dɪˈnaʊns/ | tố cáo, vạch mặt |
| Depravity | n | /dɪˈprævəti/ | sự trụy lạc |
| Dismiss | v | /dɪˈsmɪs/ | sa thải |
| Dismissal | n | /dɪˈsmɪsəl/ | sự sa thải |
| Dismissive | a | /dɪˈsmɪsɪv/ | gạt bỏ, xem thường |
| Diversity | n | /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ | sự đa dạng |
| Diverse | a | /daɪˈvɜːs/ | đa dạng |
| Diversify | v | /daɪˈvɜːsɪfaɪ/ | đa dạng hóa |
| Diversification | n | /daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ | sự đa dạng hóa |
| Extremely | adv | /ɪkˈstriːmli/ | cực kì |
| Completely | adv | /kəmˈpliːtli/ | hoàn toàn |
| Tremendously | adv | /trɪˈmendəsli/ | khủng khiếp, ghê gớm |
| Dramatically | adv | /drəˈmætɪkəli/ | đột ngột |
| Fate | n | /feɪt/ | vận mệnh, định mệnh |
| Federation | n | /ˌfedəˈreɪʃən/ | liên đoàn |
| Folktale | n | /ˈfəʊkteɪl/ | truyện dân gian |
| Heritage | n | /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ | di sản |
| Hilarious | a | /hɪˈleəriəs/ | vui nhộn |
| Homophone | n | /ˈhɒməfəʊn/ | từ đồng âm |
| Identify | v | /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ | nhận diện, nhận dạng |
| Identification | n | /aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ | sự đồng nhất hóa |
| Identical | a | /aɪˈdentɪkəl/ | giống nhau |
| Identity | n | /aɪˈdentəti/ | tính đồng nhất; đặc tính |
| Incense | n | /ˈɪnsens/ | nhang, hương |
| Indigenous | a | /ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs/ | bản xứ, bản địa |
| Integration | n | /ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/ | sự hội nhập |
| Isolation | n | /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ | sự cô lập, sự cách li |
| Majority | n | /məˈdʒɒrəti/ | đa số |
| Minority | n | /maɪˈnɒrəti/ | thiểu số |
| Marriage | n | /ˈmærɪdʒ/ | sự kết hôn, hôn nhân |
| Marital | a | /ˈmærɪtəl/ | thuộc hôn nhân |
| Marriageable | a | /ˈmærɪdʒəbəl/ | có thể, đủ tư cách kết hôn |
| Married | a | /ˈmærid/ | đã kết hôn |
| Misinterpret | v | /ˌmɪsɪnˈtɜːprət/ | hiểu sai |
| Mystery | n | /ˈmɪstəri/ | sự bí ẩn, sự huyền bí |
| No-go | n | /ˈnəʊɡəʊ/ | tình trạng bế tắc |
| Pamper | v | /ˈpæmpər/ | nuông chiều, cưng chiều |
| Patriotism | n | /ˈpætriətɪzəm/ | chủ nghĩa yêu nước |
| Perception | n | /pəˈsepʃən/ | sự nhận thức |
| Perceive | v | /pəˈsiːv/ | nhận thấy, nhận thức |
| Prestige | n | /presˈtiːʒ/ | thanh thế, uy thế |
| Prevalence | n | /ˈprevələns/ | sự phổ biến, sự thịnh hành |
| Privilege | n | /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/ | đặc quyền, đặc ân |
| Racism | n | /ˈreɪsɪzəm/ | chủ nghĩa phân biệt chủng tộc |
| Racial | a | /ˈreɪʃəl/ | thuộc chủng tộc |
| Religion | n | /rɪˈlɪdʒən/ | tôn giáo |
| Religious | a | /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/ | thuộc về tôn giáo |
| Restrain | v | /rɪˈstreɪn/ | kiềm chế |
| Revival | n | /rɪˈvaɪvəl/ | sự hồi phục, sự phục sinh |
| Solidarity | n | /ˌsɒlɪˈdærəti/ | sự đoàn kết |
| Superstition | n | /ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃən/ | sự mê tín dị đoan |
| Superstitious | a | /ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃəs/ | mê tín dị đoan |
| Symbol | n | /ˈsɪmbəl/ | biểu tượng |
| Symbolize | v | /ˈsɪmbəlaɪz/ | biểu tượng hóa |
| Symbolism | n | /ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm/ | chủ nghĩa tượng trưng |
| Symbolic | a | /sɪmˈbɒlɪk/ | tượng trưng, biểu trưng |
| Synthesis | n | /ˈsɪnθəsɪs/ | sự tổng hợp |
| Unhygienic | a | /ʌnhaɪˈdʒiːnɪk/ | không hợp vệ sinh |
| Well-established | a | /ˌwel ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ | đứng vững, tồn tại lâu bền |
| Well-advised | a | /ˌwel ədˈvaɪzd/ | khôn ngoan |
| Well-built | a | /ˌwel ˈbɪlt/ | lực lưỡng, cường tráng |
| Well-balanced | a | /ˌwel ˈbælənst/ | đúng mực, điều độ |
II. STRUCTURES
Against the law: phạm luật
Within the law: đúng luật
Above the law: đứng trên/ngoài luật
By law: theo luật
Lay down the law: diễu võ giương oai
Approve/disapprove of: đồng tình/phản đối
At the right time = as regular as clockwork = on the dot = on time: đúng giờ
Beard the lion in one’s den: chạm trán ai đó
Close to the bone: xúc phạm
Come into play = bring st into play: có tác dụng, có hiệu quả, kinh nghiệm
Down to the wire: vào phút cuối
For fear of st/doing st: vì sợ cái gì/làm gì
Get rid of = remove: loại bỏ
Face up to: đối mặt với
Get over: vượt qua
Wipe out: xóa sổ
Let go of = give up: từ bỏ
Loss and grief = sadness: buồn rầu
Make a decision on st: quyết định cái gì
Object to/have objection to: phản đối
On the flip side = on the other hand: mặt khác
Prior to st = before a particular time or event: trước một thời gian/sự kiện đặc biệt nào đó
Scold sb for doing st: mắng ai vì đã làm gì sai
Sense of self: cảm xúc, tự ý thức về bản thân
So so: tạm tạm
The tip of iceberg: chỉ là một phần nhỏ của một vấn đề phức tạp
Tie the knot = get married: kết hôn
III. PRACTICE EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
1.A. festival B. highlight C. community D. bravery
2.A. spirit B. unity C. image D. protect
3.A. worship B. province C. sacrifice D. unique
4.A. official B. similar C. conclusion D. traditional
5.A. definition B. nationality C. globalization D. generation
6.A. ancestor B. identifier C. achievement D. adjusting
7.A. numerous B. currency C. obviously D. perceived
8.A. significance B. majority C. unhygienic D. depravity
9.A. specific B. debate C. denounced D. assignee
10.A. pampered B. crucially C. counterpart D. conversely
Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
11.A. expressed B. preserved C. maintained D. wondered
12.A. costumes B. celebrates C. believes D. examples
13.A. various B. value C. aspect D. impact
14.A. identity B. ethnicity C. inherit D. individual
15.A. language B. luggage C. heritage D. teenage
16.A. passionate B. integrate C. communicate D. demonstrate
17.A. nation B. national C. nationality D. nationalize
18.A. regional B. religion C. ceremony D. regard
19.A. conclude B. conceal C. concentrate D. conduct
20. A. clothing B. cloth C. clothes D. clothed
Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
21.Students are restrained from eating bananas prior to an exam for _______ of failing ‘like sliding on a banana skin’.
A. cheer B. fear C. scare D. anger
22. Regarding what food to avoid before taking an important examination, homophones and the shape of your food comes into _______.
A. action B. fact C. reality D. play
23. People often avoid eating squash, pumpkin, melon and peanuts before their exams because they suppose that it is a _______.
A. no-go B. so so C. way out D. bright side
24. When you first arrive in a foreign culture, often your first reaction is _______ positive. Everything seems exciting, different and fascinating.
A. extremely B. completely C. tremendously D. dramatically
25. _______ nowadays is a choice people make on their own, but this has not always been the case in society.
A. Marriage B. Marital C. Marriageable D. Marrying
26. It was the __________________ that the fathers made the decision on whom their children were going to marry.
A. religion B. superstition C. custom D. fate
27. We are all too __________________ of traditions in our modern world, but they can have a very strong impact on us.
A. dismissing B. dismissal C. dismissed D. dismissive
28. Most young people nowadays believe in __________________ marriage – first comes love, then comes marriage.
A. romantic B. unique C. contractual D. arranged
29. Most Americans don’t object __________________ being called by their first names.
A. about B. for C. in D. to
30.__________________ liked ao dai, kimono, hanbok help preserve a country’s heritage and educate people about their history.
A. National costumes B. Tradition food C. Traditions and customs D. Folktales
31. People from Brazilian and North American cultures have different feelings about lateness. Brazilians expect a person with status or __________________ to arrive late, while in the United States, lateness is usually considered to be disrespectful and unacceptable.
A. prevalence B. prestige C. privilege D. position
32. Americans believe in ‘romantic’ marriage – a boy and a girl are __________________ to each other, fall in love, and decide to marry each other.
A. loved B. handed C. attracted D. married
33. The custom of paying a bride price before marriage is still a __________________ part of many African cultures.
A. well-established B. well-advised C. well-built D. well-balanced
34. In modern times, although people still remain the custom of paying a bride price, it is occasionally quite small and its value is mainly __________________.
A. symbol B. symbolize C. symbolism D. symbolic
35. Most weddings in Japan start with a religious __________________ in which usually only family members atten D.
A. anniversary B. ceremony C. celebration D. bicentenary
36. In most weddings in Japan, guests give the bride and groom goshuugi – __________________ money in special envelopes.
A. gift B. present C. reward D. giving
37. Changes in attitudes, family values, generational status can occur in both the majority and minority cultures as the two interact; however, __________________ one culture dominates.
A. rarely B. typically C. specially D. uncommonly
38. On the flip side, the worldwide __________________ of a couple of languages that have a large number of speakers has led to the death of several less popular languages.
A. abortion B. rejection C. adoption D. adaption
39. It is important to understand the culture religion of the country that you are travelling to and a little research before you leave will help __________________
A. .tremendously B. dramatically C. comparatively D. violently
40: The custom of __________________ ancestors is a beautiful, rich, and colorful and joyful tradition in Vietnamese culture.
A. praying B. honoring C. respecting D. worshiping
41: __________________ are aware that a language becoming extinct does not necessarily mean that the people who spoke it have all die D.
A. Linguistic B. Linguists C. Language D. Lingual
42: Why is culture important and how does it answer the “what is cultural __________________?”
A. identity B. identify C. identification D. identical
43: Culture is the underlying __________________ of traditions and beliefs that help a person relate to the world around them.
A. institution B. foundation C. organization D. principle
44: Culture gives us a definite starting point when beginning to __________________ for our roots.
A. find B. look C. search D. seek
45: As a person has given up their cultural identity, they no longer can identify themselves with the things that were __________________ the most important things in their lives.
A. at once B. once C. one time D. for once
46: Since __________________ texts and ceremonies can seem confusing with no one there to guide, young people are supposed to find an expert willing to explain their significance.
A. sacred B. scared C. religious D. spiritual
47: It cannot be denied that global communications will become even more powerful in __________________ influencing our cultural identity.
A. potentially B. probably C. likely D. possibly
48: Accepting that changes are __________________ does not mean that we will allow everything to be wiped out, destroyed or forgotten.
A. avoidable B. unavoidable C. stoppable D. unstoppable
49: Once people have given up their heritage, traditional beliefs and other aspects of their native culture, they are about to lose their sense of __________________.
A. humor B. responsibility C. self D. honesty
50: Although there are over fifty __________________ groups, we all use Vietnamese as the official language.
A. ethnically B. ethicize C. ethnicity D. ethnic
Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
51: Steve Kootenay-Jobin, aboriginal housing coordinator at Mount Royal University, notes that many indigenous students who move to the city for education, encounter culture shock.
A. get rid of B. face up to C. get over D. wipe out
52: Today, the practice of arranged marriage is still common in some countries in the Middle East, such as India or Pakistan.
A. romantic B. contractual C. transacted D. deal
53: The exact origins of the Tooth Fairy are a mystery, although the story probably began in England or Ireland centuries ago.
A. beginnings B. causes C. reasons D. roofs
54: According to tradition, a child puts a lost tooth under his or her pillow before going to bed. In the wee hours, while the child is sleeping, the Tooth Fairy takes the tooth and leaves something else under the pillow.
A. early in the evening B. soon after midnight C. late in the morning D. long before bedtime
55: Arranged marriages are a sign that people do not want to let go of the past, which gives them comfort and security in an ever-changing world.
A. give up B. turn off C. save up D. give in
56: The more money and land a girl had, the more chances she had to marry well. Therefore, it was important that her father choose the bridegroom very well.
A. bridesmaid B. bride C. daughter-in-law D. son-in-law
57: Cultural diversity is the term used to describe many different cultures co-existing within one larger culture.
A. variety B. variability C. verification D. variation
58: People in Korea gave books to schools in Indonesia, and Indonesians taught Koreans a traditional dance. This exchange helped them learn about each other’s culture.
A. giving and receiving things at the same time B. trying many different things at the same time
C. the process of changing an amount of one currency D. an arrangement for two people/parties to meet
59: The cultural life of New Orleans is a synthesis of contributions by both black and white.
A. product B. demonstration C. reflection D. combination
60: Sex before marriage is strongly disapproved in some cultures.
A. objected B. rejected C. projected D. injected
61: In European and North American cultures, body language behaviors can be divided into 2 groups: open or closed and forward or backward.
A. separated B. integrated C. merged D. cooperated
62: In the past, dishes that supposedly brought good fortune, such as prawns and sea breams, were served in abundance.
A. excitement B. luck C. money D. benefit
63: These days, couples choose to tie the knot in various ways, from not having any ceremony to having a modest affair, or still going all out.
A. get engaged B. get married C. fasten the rope D. loosen the tie
64: Local people believe that the festival is an opportunity to teach younger generations about patriotism and bravery.
A. heroism B. justice C. loyalty D. truth
65: This is especially important in the age of globalization, where countries face a daunting challenge to preserve their own cultural identities.
A. intimidating B. delighting C. encouraging D. urging
Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
66: In the United States, it is important to be on time, or punctual, for an appointment, a class, a meeting, etc…
A. at the right time B. as regular as clockwork C. on the dot D. down to the wire
67: If a Brazilian is late for an appointment with a North America, the American may misinterpret the reason for the lateness and become angry.
A. mismanage B. understand C. misunderstand D. misreport
68: Although they are important, the visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture.
A. slowly B. accurately C. unintentionally D. randomly
69: In the USA a child is expected to look directly at a parent or teacher who is scolding him/her.
A. reproaching B. criticizing C. praising D. insulting
70: In the USA, Americans are encouraged to look directly at people when speaking to them because it shows interest in what they are saying and is thought to carry a sense of honesty.
A. politeness B. sincerity C. deceitfulness D. faithfulness
71: I spent a week trying to reach Mr. Toynbee by phone, but his secretary always told me he was too busy to talk to me. Today I walked straight into his office and bearded the lion in his den.
A. confronted him on his own territory. B. avoided being recognized by him
C. had no chance of meeting him D. bumped into him
72: Culture has been described as features that are shared and bind people together into a community.
A. divide B. engage C. force D. unite
73: Once you have been accepted as a pupil or student at the school or college, it’s against the law for them to discriminate against you because of your religion or belief.
A. above the law B. laying down the law C. by law D. within the law
74: Integration and assimilation can help reduce feelings of loss and grief as the migrant starts to incorporate aspects of the majority culture.
A. happiness B. disapproval C. discrimination D. sadness
75: In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.
A. admired B. disrespected C. worshipped D. expected
76: Of course I’m mad—dad’s remarks about how I’m wasting my life were close to the bone.
A. annoying B. offensive C. personal D. respectful
77: Nothing valuable could come of a revival of the German martial spirit, better to leave it behind or bury it.
A. awakening B. destruction C. improvement D. population
78: Kootenay-Jobin says the cultural integration experience can be exacerbated by challenges such as racism and housing.
A. increased B. improved C. provoked D. worsened
79: Cultural changes in identity can be stressful and result in problems with self-esteem and mental health.
A. anxiety B. confidence C. dissatisfaction D. modesty
80: Post-migration stresses include culture shock and conflict, both of which may lead to a sense of cultural confusion, feelings of alienation and isolation, and depression.
A. disconnection B. loneliness C. sympathy D. unfriendliness
Exercise 6: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 81 to 92.
Together with the festive atmosphere Tet brings to Vietnam every year, the event is also the best time of the year for Vietnamese people to spend time on their (81) __________________ life and pay respect to religious institutions. Visiting pagodas on the first days of the year has long been a (82) __________________ tradition.
It has been a long-lasted custom of the people in this country each time a New Year arrival to visit pagoda. In Vietnam, the custom is described as “Lễ Chùa” – (83) __________________ “lễ” means not only visiting but also showing respects in all sincerity to Buddha and Gods of the pagodas or temples. No matter how busy the Vietnamese are during the hilarious atmosphere of Tet, everyone attempts (84) __________________ an incense to wish for best wishes for the New Year like healthiness, happiness and wealth.
(85) __________________, praying at pagodas and temples is among the best ways to go out and enjoy the spring. Mixing one’s soul with the spiritual spaces, breathing in the aroma of burning incense and flowers and enjoying relaxing glimpse in the garden of the pagodas help demolish all the stresses and worries of the previous year.
(Source: [https://www.vietnamonline.com](https://www.vietnamonline.com))
81: A. spirit B. spiritual C. spiritless D. spirited
82: A. deep-seated B. deep-rooted C. deep-pocketed D. deep-fried
83: A. which B. that C. in which D. when
84: A. to burn B. burning C. to burning D. burn
85: A. Beside B. Moreover C. In addition to D. Thus
Exercise 7: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 86 to 93.
When living and working in another country, there are numerous things to consider apart from the more obvious ones of climate, language, religion, currency, etc. Some important considerations are less obvious. For example, do you have a pet or do you enjoy a hobby such as horse riding? Your animal or hobby may be perceived in a completely different light in another culture so it’s important to consider the significance given to specific animals in different parts of the world and general perceptions toward them.
One example which is often mentioned in popular press is the case of dogs. In some cultures, like the US or UK, dogs are loved and considered a great pet to have at home and with the family. In other cultures, such as those where Islam is the majority religion, dogs may be perceived as dirty or dangerous. Muslims’ treatment of dogs is still a matter of debate amongst Islamic scholars. While these animals are widely considered by many Western cultures to be “man’s best friend”, the Koran describes them as unhygienic. Muslims will therefore avoid touching a dog unless he can wash his hands immediately afterwards, and they will almost never keep a dog in their home.
In Iran, for instance, a cleric once denounced “the moral depravity” of dog owners and even demanded their arrest. If you are an international assignee living and working in Saudi Arabia or another Arabic country, you should remember this when inviting Arab counterparts to your house in case you have a dog as a pet. This is just one example of how Islam and other cultural beliefs can impact on aspects of everyday life that someone else may not even question. A Middle Eastern man might be very surprised when going to Japan, for instance, and seeing dogs being dressed and pampered like humans and carried around in baby prams!
Dogs are not the only animals which are perceived quite differently from one culture to another. In India, for example, cows are sacred and are treated with the utmost respect. Conversely in Argentina, beef is a symbol of national pride because of its tradition and the high quality of its cuts. An Indian working in Argentina who has not done his research or participated in a cross cultural training programme such as Doing Business in Argentina may be surprised at his first welcome dinner with his Argentinean counterparts where a main dish of beef would be served.
It is therefore crucial to be aware of the specific values assigned to objects or animals in different cultures to avoid faux-pas or cultural misunderstandings, particularly when living and working in another culture. Learning how people value animals and other symbols around the world is one of the numerous cultural examples discussed in Communicaid’s intercultural training courses. Understanding how your international colleagues may perceive certain animals can help you ensure you aren’t insensitive and it may even provide you with a good topic for conversation.
(Source: [https://www.communicaid.com/](https://www.communicaid.com/))
86: Which of the following could be the main idea of the passage?
A. Dogs and different beliefs in the world. B. Perceptions of animals across cultures.
C. Muslims and their opinions about animals. D. What should be learnt before going to another country.
87: According to paragraph 2, which sentence is INCORRECT?
A. Dogs are well-treated and loved in the US and UK.
B. Muslims are those considering dogs as their best pets at home.
C. People whose religion is Islam don’t like having dogs in their home.
D. The dog is a typical example of different views in the world about animals.
88: The word “unhygienic” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to __________________.
A. unreliable B. undependable C. unhealthy D. unacceptable
89: What does the word “this” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. you are an international assignee
B. you are living and working in Saudi Arabia or another Arabic country
C. you are having a dog as pet
D. a cleric once denounced the moral depravity of dog owners and even demanded their arrest
90: The word “pampered” in the third paragraph could be best replaced by __________________.
A. indulged B. made up of C. taken care of D. respected
91: The author mentioned cows in paragraph 4 as an example of __________________.
A. a symbol of a nation for its high quality of nutrients.
B. sacred animals in Argentina.
C. the animals that are differently perceived in numerous cultures.
D. which may cause surprise for Argentinian people at dinner.
92: What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?
A. It’s important to value the objects or animals in different countries before going there.
B. To avoid cultural shocks, people should not live or work in another culture.
C. Understanding different perceptions of animals will help you avoid faux-pas in another nation.
D. Talking about different perceptions with others will help you overcome insensitivity.
93: It can be inferred from the passage that __________________.
A. there are many things to research before going to live and work in another country.
B. respecting other cultures is a good way to have a successful life abroad.
C. you should not be surprised if other counterparts consider your sacred animals as food.
D. people will change their perceptions of animals when living in another culture.
IV. CHỦ ĐỀ CON
1. National Identity (Bản sắc dân tộc)
Vocabulary
nation /ˈneɪ.ʃən/ (quốc gia)
nationality /ˌnæʃ.əˈnæl.ə.ti/ (quốc tịch)
ethnic group /ˈeθ.nɪk ɡruːp/ (nhóm dân tộc)
homeland /ˈhəʊm.lænd/ (quê hương, tổ quốc)
ancestry /ˈæn.ses.tri/ (tổ tiên)
heritage /ˈher.ɪ.tɪdʒ/ (di sản)
citizenship /ˈsɪt.ɪ.zən.ʃɪp/ (quyền công dân)
Collocations
cultural heritage
national pride
ethnic diversity
ancestral roots
national identity
- Traditions and Customs (Truyền thống và phong tục)
Vocabulary
- tradition /trəˈdɪʃ.ən/ (truyền thống)
- custom /ˈkʌs.təm/ (phong tục)
- ritual /ˈrɪtʃ.u.əl/ (nghi lễ)
- ceremony /ˈser.ə.mə.ni/ (nghi lễ, buổi lễ)
- ancestor worship (thờ cúng tổ tiên)
- etiquette /ˈet.ɪ.ket/ (phép lịch sự)
Collocations
- follow traditions
- preserve customs
- traditional values
- family rituals
- cultural practices
- Language and Communication (Ngôn ngữ và giao tiếp)
Vocabulary
- native language (tiếng mẹ đẻ)
- dialect /ˈdaɪ.ə.lekt/ (phương ngữ)
- accent /ˈæk.sənt/ (giọng)
- multilingual /ˌmʌl.tiˈlɪŋ.ɡwəl/ (đa ngôn ngữ)
- bilingual /baɪˈlɪŋ.ɡwəl/ (song ngữ)
- communication style (phong cách giao tiếp)
Collocations
- speak a dialect
- maintain a language
- language barrier
- mother tongue
- language preservation
- Religion and Beliefs (Tôn giáo và tín ngưỡng)
Vocabulary
- religion /rɪˈlɪdʒ.ən/ (tôn giáo)
- belief /bɪˈliːf/ (niềm tin)
- faith /feɪθ/ (đức tin)
- spiritual /ˈspɪr.ɪ.tʃu.əl/ (tâm linh)
- worship /ˈwɜː.ʃɪp/ (thờ phụng)
- pilgrimage /ˈpɪl.ɡrɪ.mɪdʒ/ (hành hương)
Collocations
- religious beliefs
- spiritual values
- freedom of religion
- cultural beliefs
- religious practices
- Festivals and Celebrations (Lễ hội và các dịp kỷ niệm)
Vocabulary
- festival /ˈfes.tɪ.vəl/ (lễ hội)
- celebration /ˌsel.əˈbreɪ.ʃən/ (lễ kỷ niệm)
- holiday /ˈhɒl.ə.deɪ/ (ngày lễ)
- parade /pəˈreɪd/ (diễu hành)
- fireworks /ˈfaɪə.wɜːks/ (pháo hoa)
Collocations
- celebrate a festival
- hold a ceremony
- annual celebration
- public holiday
- festive atmosphere
- Food and Cuisine (Ẩm thực)
Vocabulary
- cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/ (ẩm thực)
- specialty /ˈspeʃ.əl.ti/ (đặc sản)
- recipe /ˈres.ə.pi/ (công thức nấu ăn)
- ingredient /ɪnˈɡriː.di.ənt/ (nguyên liệu)
- delicacy /ˈdel.ɪ.kə.si/ (món ăn đặc sản)
Collocations
- local cuisine
- traditional dish
- regional specialty
- cooking methods
- food culture
- Clothing and Appearance (Trang phục và ngoại hình truyền thống)
Vocabulary
- costume /ˈkɒs.tjuːm/ (trang phục)
- attire /əˈtaɪər/ (y phục)
- garment /ˈɡɑː.mənt/ (quần áo)
- ornament /ˈɔː.nə.mənt/ (đồ trang sức)
- uniform /ˈjuː.nɪ.fɔːm/ (đồng phục)
Collocations
- traditional costume
- cultural attire
- national dress
- wear traditional clothing
- Arts and Literature (Nghệ thuật và văn học)
Vocabulary
- literature /ˈlɪt.rə.tʃər/ (văn học)
- folklore /ˈfəʊk.lɔːr/ (văn hóa dân gian)
- poetry /ˈpəʊ.ə.tri/ (thơ ca)
- sculpture /ˈskʌlp.tʃər/ (điêu khắc)
- painting /ˈpeɪn.tɪŋ/ (hội họa)
Collocations
- folk music
- traditional art
- cultural expression
- literary works
- artistic heritage
- Family and Social Values (Gia đình và giá trị xã hội)
Vocabulary
- value /ˈvæl.juː/ (giá trị)
- respect /rɪˈspekt/ (sự tôn trọng)
- responsibility /rɪˌspɒn.səˈbɪl.ə.ti/ (trách nhiệm)
- community /kəˈmjuː.nə.ti/ (cộng đồng)
- solidarity /ˌsɒl.ɪˈdær.ə.ti/ (đoàn kết)
Collocations
- family values
- social norms
- community spirit
- mutual respect
- social responsibility
- Cultural Diversity and Globalization (Đa dạng văn hóa và toàn cầu hóa)
Vocabulary
- diversity /daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti/ (sự đa dạng)
- globalization /ˌɡləʊ.bəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ (toàn cầu hóa)
- integration /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/ (hội nhập)
- assimilation /əˌsɪm.ɪˈleɪ.ʃən/ (đồng hóa)
- multiculturalism /ˌmʌl.tiˈkʌl.tʃər.əl.ɪ.zəm/ (đa văn hóa)
Collocations
- cultural diversity
- cultural exchange
- global culture
- cultural integration
- cultural preservation
- Cultural Preservation (Bảo tồn văn hóa)
Vocabulary
- preservation /ˌprez.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ (sự bảo tồn)
- conservation /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən/ (sự gìn giữ)
- safeguard /ˈseɪf.ɡɑːd/ (bảo vệ)
- restoration /ˌres.təˈreɪ.ʃən/ (phục hồi)
Collocations
- preserve heritage
- protect traditions
- safeguard cultural values
- cultural conservation
- heritage protection
- Cultural Identity in Modern Society (Bản sắc văn hóa trong xã hội hiện đại)
Vocabulary
- identity crisis (khủng hoảng bản sắc)
- modernization /ˌmɒ ən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ (hiện đại hóa)
- influence /ˈɪn.flu.əns/ (ảnh hưởng)
- adaptation /ˌæ æpˈteɪ.ʃən/ (sự thích nghi)
- transformation /ˌtræns.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/ (sự chuyển đổi)
Collocations
- cultural influence
- maintain identity
- cultural adaptation
- cultural transformation
- balance tradition and modernity