PASSAGE 1
Read the passages and choose the best answer for each question
Although noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is a widely recognized form of pollution, it is very difficult to measure because the discomfort experienced by different individuals is highly subjective and, therefore, variable. Exposure to lower levels of noise may be slightly irritating, whereas exposure to higher levels may actually cause hearing loss. Particularly in congested urban areas, the noise produced as a by-product of our advancing technology causes physical and psychological harm, and distracts from the quality of life for those who are exposed to it.
Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid, and is, therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise penetrates without protection.
Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot control and to which the body never becomes accustomed. Loud noises instinctively signal danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism, including human beings. In response, heartbeat and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict, the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a general increase in functioning brought about by the flow of adrenaline released in response to fear, and some of these responses persist even longer than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty minutes after the sound has ceased.
Because noise is unavoidable in a complex, industrial society, we are constantly responding in a same way that we would response to danger. Recently, researchers have concluded that noise and our response may be much more than an annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical and psychological health and well-being, causing damage not only to the ear and brain but also to the heart and stomach. We have long known that hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem, but now we are learning that some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be victims of health as well. Fetuses exposed to noise tend to be overactive, they cry easily, and they are more sensitive to gastrointestinal problems after birth. In addition, the psychic effect of noise is very important. Nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety increase, affecting the quality of rest during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during walking hours, as well as the way that we interact with each other.
Câu 1. Which of the following is the author’s main point?
A. Noise may pose a serious threat to our physical and psychological health.
B. Loud noises signal danger.
C. Hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem.
D. The ear is not like the eye.
Câu 2. According to the passage, what is noise?
A. Unwanted sound
B. A by-product of technology
C. Physical and psychological harm
D. Congestion
Câu 3. Why is noise difficult to measure?
A. It causes hearing loss.
B. All people do not respond to it in the same way.
C. It is unwanted.
D. People become accustomed to it.
Câu 4. The word congested in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. hazardous
B. polluted
C. crowded
D. rushed
Câu 5. The word “by-product” as used in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. a necessary product
B. a product that is always by your side
C. an unexpected result
D. something that is produced by environmental pollution
Câu 6. It can be inferred from the passage that the eye
A. responds to fear
B. enjoys greater protection than the ear
C. increases functions
D. is damaged by noise
Câu 7. According to the passage, people respond to loud noise in the same way that they respond to
A. annoyance
B. disease
C. damage
D. danger
Câu 8. The word accelerate in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. decrease
B. alter
C. increase
D. release
Câu 9. The word it in the first paragraph refers to
A. the noise
B. the quality of life
C. advancing technology
D. a by-product
Câu 10. With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
A. Noise is sometimes
B. Noise is America’s number one
C. Noise is an unavoidable problem in an industrial
D. Noise is a complex
PASSAGE 2
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.
The response of most animals when suddenly faced with predator is to flee. Natural selection has acted in a variety of ways in different species to enhance the efficacy of the behaviors, known as “flight behaviors” or escape behaviors that are used by prey in fleeing predators. Perhaps the most direct adaptation is enhanced flight speed and agility.
Adaptations for speed, however, are likely to require sacrifices biter attributes, so we might expect only some species to adopt a simple fast flight strategy. Another way of enhancing the effectiveness of flight is to move in an erratic and unpredictable way. Many species, like ptarmigans, snipes, and various antelopes and gazelles, flee from predators in a characteristic zigzag fashion. Rapid unexpected changes in flight direction make it difficult for a predator to track prey. In some species, like the European hare, erratic zigzag flight might be more effective in the presence of predators that are faster than they are and straight flight more effective against predators that are slower. One observation that supports this suggestion is the recorded tendency for slow-flying black-headed show frequent changes in flight direction when they spot a peregrine falcon (peregrines are adept at capturing flying birds).
A quite different way of enhancing escape by flight is to use so-called “flash” behavior. Here, the alarmedprey flees for a short distance and then “freezes.” Some predators are unexcited by immobile prey, and a startling flash of activity followed by immobility may confuse them. “Flash” behavior is used in particularby frogs and orthopteran insects which make conspicuous jumps and then sit immobile. In some species, “flash” behavior is enhanced by the display of bright body markings. Good examples of insects with the colorful markings are the red and yellow under-wing moths. At rest, both species are a cryptic brown color. When they fly, however, brightly colored hind wings are exposed, which render the moths highly conspicuous. Similarly, some frogs and lizards have brightly colored patches or frills that may serve a “flash” function when they move quickly. Some species even appear to possess “flash” sounds. The loud buzzing and clicking noises made by some grasshoppers when they jump may serve to emphasize the movement.
Câu 1. The word “enhance” is closest in meaning to .
A. encourage
B. resist
C. increase
D. reveal
Câu 2. The description of the prey’s movement as “zigzag” suggests that the movement is .
A. reliable
B. fast
C. constant
D. unpredictable
Câu 3. It can be inferred from the passage that the European hare .
A. is faster than most of its predators
B. is capable of two kinds of flight
C. is more likely to escape using straight flight
D. is preyed upon by gulls and falcons.
Câu 4. The behavior of black-beaded gulls is most comparable to that of .
A. gazelles
B. European hares
C. peregrine falcons
D. frogs
Câu 5. It can be inferred that black-beaded gulls change direction when they spot a peregrine falcon for which of the following reasons?
A. The falcons are faster than the gulls.
B. The gulls want to capture the falcons.
C. The falcons are unpredictable.
D. The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.
Câu 6. The word “alarmed” is closest in meaning to .
A. moving
B. selected
C. frightened
D. exhausted
Câu 7. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of “flash” behavior EXCEPT
.
A. brief conspicuous activity
B. immobility
C. bright body markings
D. aggressive fighting
Câu 8. The phrase “in particular” is closest in meaning to .
A. especially
B. with difficulty
C. expertly
D. frequently
Câu 9. The hind wings of red and yellow under-wing moths function in a way that is most similar to .
A. the hind wings of peregrine falcons.
B. The zigzag flight of European hares.
C. The colored patches on frogs.
D. The clicking of grasshoppers.
Câu 10. Why does the author mention “grasshopper” in the last line?
A. To contrast animals that “flash” with animals that “freeze”
B. As an example of an animal whose “flash” behavior is a sound
C. To compare the jumping behavior of insects and reptiles
D. As an example of a predator that moths escape by using “flash”
PASSAGE 3
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 8.
For many people, mushroom are strange, colorless, incomprehensible plants that should be avoided. Quaint tales and scary stories surround mushrooms become some are extremely poisonous. In reality, however, mushrooms are fungi that are simple plants without developed roots, leaves, stems, flowers, or seeds. They grow in wetlands, grassy meadows, and woods. Certain types of mushrooms are delicious and are included as ingredients in many recipes and trendy snacks. For example, morels are considered one of the choicest foods, and truffles, related to morels, are highly prized in Europe. Their shape is tube- like, and they remain entirely underground, a foot or more below the surface. In the old days, dogs and pigs were specially trained to hunt them by scent.
Mushrooms stand out among other plants because they have no chlorophyll and cannot generate their own nourishment. The part of the fungus that rises above the ground is the fruiting body, and the vegetative part that produces growth is hidden under the ground. It can be usually dug up in the form of dense, white tangled filaments, which, depending on the food supply and moisture, can live for hundreds of years. In fact, mushrooms, as well as the rest of the fungus genus species, are one of the few remaining simple plants that are believed to be among the oldest living organisms. When their environment is not conductive to growth, filaments stop proliferating and can lie dormant for dozens of years.
Although mushrooms are rich in flavor and texture, they have little food value. Picking mushrooms requires a thorough knowledge of environments where they are most likely to grow and an ability to tell between edible and poisonous plants. Most mushrooms thrive in temperatures from 680 to 860 (F) with plenty of moisture, and nearly complete darkness produces the best crop. The entire mushroom should be picked, the stem, the cap, and whatever part that is underground. Brightly colored mushroom caps usually indicate that the plant is not fit for consumption, and the more the mushroom attracts attention, the more poisonous it is. Mushrooms with beautiful red or orange spotted caps that grow under large trees after a good rain are particularly poisonous. If milky or white juices seep from a break in the body of plant, chances are it should not be picked. Old mushrooms with brown caps are also not very safe.
Câu 1. The word “quaint” is closest in meaning to
A. convoluted
B. fanciful
C. irritating
D. perfunctory
Câu 2. The word “trendy” is closest meaning to
A. tender
B. experimental
C. fashionable
D. trusted
Câu 3. With which of the following statements is the author of the passage most likely to agree?
A. In the old days, when the food was scarce, people chose mushrooms as
B. Mushrooms should be treated as all other
C. Because they are poisonous, people should stay away from
D. Mushrooms have different forms of roots, stems, and
Câu 4. It can be inferred from the passage that mushrooms multiply mostly by means of
A. moisture
B. fruiting bodies
C. nourishment
D. root systems
Câu 5. The word “Their” refers to
A. morels
B. foods
C. truffles
D. morels and truffles
Câu 6. The word “tell” is closest in meaning to
A. narrate
B. distinguish
C. say
D. see
Câu 7. What does the author of the passage imply about brightly colored mushrooms?
A. They are beautiful.
B. They should not be eaten.
C. They attract attention.
D. They should be destroyed.
Câu 8. The author of the passage implies that mushrooms
A. have been known since ancient times
B. are a relatively recent form of plants
C. cannot survive without a good environment
D. have been carefully analyzed
PASSAGE 4
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects – an estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.
For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
Câu 1. The word “consequence” in line 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. result
B. explanation
C. analysis
D. requirement
Câu 2. The word “striking” in line 7 is closest in meaning to .
A. physical
B. confusing
C. noticeable
D. successful
Câu 3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues because they .
A. are simple in structure
B. are viewed positively by people
B. have been given scientific names
D. are found mainly in temperate climates
Câu 4. The word “exceed” in line 10 is closest in meaning to .
A. locate
B. allow
C. go beyond
D. come close to
Câu 5. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
A. European butterfly habitats
B. Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
C. Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
D. Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
Câu 6. All of the followings are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT .
A. differences between temperate and tropical zones
B. patterns of distribution of species in each region
C. migration among temperate and tropical zones
D. variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
Câu 7. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Their physical characteristics
B. Their adaptation to different habitats
C. Their names
D. Their variety
Câu 8. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 16 – 17 as an example of a location where .
A. butterfly behavior varies with climate
B. a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
C. butterflies are affected by human populations
D. documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
Câu 9. The word “generated” in line 24 is closest in meaning to .
A. requested
B. caused
C. assisted
D. estimated
PASSAGE 5
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
In the twentieth century, people demand on unlimited energy to power their everyday lives. A wide range of energy-run devices and modern conveniences are taken for granted, and although it may seem that we will never be in danger of living without those conveniences, the fact is that many supplies of energy are dwindling rapidly. Scientists are constantly searching for new sources of power to keep modern society running. Whether future populations will continue to enjoy the benefits of abundant energy will depend on the success of this research.
Coal, oil, and natural gas supply modern civilization with most of its power. However, not only are supplies of these fuels limited, but they are a major source of pollution. If the energy demands of the future are to be met without seriously harming the environment, existing alternative energy sources must be improved or further explored and developed. These include nuclear, water, solar, wind, and geothermal power, as well as energy from new, nonpolluting types of fuels. Each of these alternatives, however, has advantages and disadvantages.
Nuclear power plants efficiently produce large amounts of electricity without polluting the atmosphere; however, they are costly to build and maintain, and they pose the daunting problem of what to do with nuclear wastes. Hydroelectric power is inexpensive and environmentally safe, but impractical for communities located far from moving water. Harnessing energy from tides and waves has similar drawbacks. Solar power holds great promise for the future but methods of collecting and concentrating sunlight are as yet inefficient, as are methods of harnessing wind power.
Every source of energy has its disadvantages. One way to minimize them is to use less energy. Conservation efforts coupled with renewable energy resources, such as a combination of solar, water, wind, and geothermal energy and alternative fuels, such as alcohol and hydrogen, will ensure supplies of clean, affordable energy for humanity’s future.
Câu 1. The passage mainly discusses .
A. the current situation of energy demands
B. the way to use less energy
C. the difficulties in finding new sources of energy
D. the advantages and disadvantages of some sources of energy
Câu 2. The word “dwindling” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “ .”
A. rocketing
B. declining
C. doubling
D. distributing
Câu 3. According to the passage, which of the following is the limitation of natural gas?
A. It is difficult to be collected
B. It is expensive
C. It is polluted
D. It is inaccessible for people who live far away the cities
Câu 4. What does the word “its” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. modern civilization
B. oil
C. natural gas
D. coal
Câu 5. The word “drawbacks” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “ .”
A. objections
B. methods
C. disabilities
D. problems
Câu 6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Just like coal, nuclear energy is a pollutant to the
B. It is hard for people away from the water to use hydroelectric power
C. Scientists are on their way to look for alternative sources of
D. Wind power and solar power have the same
Câu 7. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Scientists will not resume their search for new types of energy until they have found a perfect
B. Using hydroelectric energy can be harmful to our
C. It is impossible for some groups of people to enjoy water
D. The only way to decrease the disadvantages of sources of energy is to use them
Câu 8. What does the word “they” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. nuclear power plants
B. amounts of electricity
C. advantages and disadvantages
D. nuclear wastes
Câu 9. What can be inferred about wind power?
A. Combining it and solar energy can ensure humanity’s future energy
B. People living away from rivers and oceans cannot benefit
C. It is promising but very
D. An effective way to harness wind power has not been figured
Câu 10. The author of this passage is trying to .
A. support scientists in their search for new sources of energy
B. present some new sources of energy
C. explain the benefits and shortcomings of some kinds of energy
D. calculate the energy demands of the future
PASSAGE 6
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Algae is a primitive form of life, a single-celled or simple multiple-celled organism that is able to conduct the process of photosynthesis. It is generally found in water but can also be found elsewhere, growing on such surfaces as rocks or trees. The various types of algae are classified according to pigment.
Blue-green algae, or Cyanophyta, can grow at very high temperatures and under high-intensity light. This is a microscopic type of algae, and some species consist of only one cell. Blue-green algae is the oldest form of life with photosynthetic capabilities, and fossilized remains of this type of algae more than
- billion years old have been found in parts of
Green algae, or Chlorophyta, is generally found in fresh water. It reproduces on the surfaces of enclosed bodies of water such as ponds or lakes and has the appearance of a fuzzy green coating on the water. In large quantities, this type of algae may reproduce enough to give a green color to an entire lake.
Brown algae, or Phaeophyta, grows in shallow, temperate water. This type of algae is the largest in size and is most recognizable as a type of seaweed; kelp is a type of brown algae that has grown to lengths of up to 200 feet. Its long stalks can be enmeshed on the ocean floor, or it can float freely on the ocean’s surface.
Red algae, or Rhodophyta, is a small, delicate organism found in the deep waters of the subtropics, where it often grows with coral. This type of algae has an essential role in the formation of coral reefs: it secretes lime from the seawater to foster the formation of limestone deposits.
(Source: TOEFL Reading)
Câu 1. What is the author’s main purpose?
A. To show what color algae is
B. To differentiate the various classifications of algae
C. To describe where algae is found
D. To clarify the appearance of different types of algae
Câu 2. Which of the following is NOT true about algae?
A. All types have only one cell.
B. It can be found out of water.
C. It can use photosynthesis.
D. It is not a relatively new form of life.
Câu 3. The word “pigment” in the passage means .
A. size
B. composition
C. shape
D. color
Câu 4. The word “microscopic” in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. visual
B. mechanical
C. tiny
D. bacterial
Câu 5. Algae remnants found in Africa are .
A. still flourishing
B. extremely old
C. photogenic
D. red in color
Câu 6. Green algae is generally found .
A. on the ocean floor
B. in fresh water
C. throughout ponds and lakes
D. surrounding enclosed bodies of water
Câu 7. According to the passage, red algae is .
A. sturdy
B. fragile
C. huge
D. found in shallow water
Câu 8. This passage would most probably be assigned reading in a course on .
A. chemistry
B. botany
C. physics
D. zoology
PASSAGE 7
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilize x-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny details, it should extend human perception still farther into the natural worlD.
The dream of building an x-ray microscope dates to 1895, its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940’s because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940’s electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in x-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of x-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of x-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft x-rays.
The new x-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short time, others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, x-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft x-rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the x-rays used, soft x-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light- and electron-based instruments.
Câu 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The detail seen through a microscope
B. Sources of illumination for microscopes
C. A new kind of microscope
D. Outdated microscopic technique
Câu 2. According to the passage, the invention of the visible-light microscope allowed scientists to .
A. see viruses directly
B. develop the electron microscope later on
C. understand more about the distribution of the chemical elements
D. discover single celled plants and animals they had never seen
Câu 3. The word “minuscule” in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. circular
B. dangerous
C. complex
D. tiny
Câu 4. Why does the author mention the visible light microscope in the first paragraph?
A. To begin a discussion of sixteenth century
B. To put the x-ray microscope in historical perspective
C. To show how limited its uses are
D. To explain how it functioned
Câu 5. Why did it take so long to develop the x-ray microscope?
A. Funds for research were
B. The source of illumination was not bright enough until
C. Materials used to manufacture x-ray tubes were difficult to
D. X-ray microscopes were too complicated to
Câu 6. Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about x-ray microscopes in the future?
A. They will probably replace electron microscopes
B. They will eventually be much cheaper to produce than they are
C. They will provide information not available from other kinds of
D. They will eventually change the illumination range that they now
Câu 7. The word “those” in the passage refers to .
A. properties
B. investigations
C. microscopes
D. x-rays
PASSAGE 8
Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 8.
Quite different from storm surges are the giant sea waves called tsunamis, which derive their name from the Japanese expression for “high water in a harbor.” These waves are also referred to by the general public as tidal waves, although they have relatively little to do with tides. Scientists often referred to them as seismic sea waves, far more appropriate in that they do result from undersea seismic activity.
Tsunamis are caused when the sea bottom suddenly moves, during an underwater earthquake or volcano for example, and the water above the moving earth is suddenly displaced. This sudden shift of water sets off a series of waves. These waves can travel great distances at speeds close to 700 kilometers per hour. In the open ocean, tsunamis have little noticeable amplitude, often no more than one or two meters. It is when they hit the shallow waters near the coast that they increase in height, possibly up to 40 meters.
Tsunamis often occur in the Pacific because the Pacific is an area of heavy seismic activity. Two areas of the Pacific well accustomed to the threat of tsunamis are Japan and Hawaii. Because the seismic activity that causes tsunamis in Japan often occurs on the ocean bottom quite close to the islands, the tsunamis that hit Japan often come with little warning and can, therefore, prove disastrous. Most of the tsunamis that hit the Hawaiian Islands, however, originate thousands of miles away near the coast of Alaska, so these tsunamis have a much greater distance to travel and the inhabitants of Hawaii generally have time for warning of their imminent arrival.
Tsunamis are certainly not limited to Japan and Hawaii. In 1755, Europe experienced a calamitous tsunami, when movement along the fault lines near the Azores caused a massive tsunami to sweep onto the Portuguese coast and flood the heavily populated area around Lisbon. The greatest tsunami on record occurred on the other side of the world in 1883 when the Krakatoa volcano underwent a massive explosion, sending waves more than 30 meters high onto nearby Indonesian islands; the tsunami from this volcano actually traveled around the world and was witnessed as far away as the English Channel.
Câu 1. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses.
A. tides
B. underwater earthquakes
C. storm surges
D. tidal waves
Câu 2. According to the passage, all of the following are true about tidal waves except that.
A. they are the same as tsunamis
B. they refer to the same phenomenon as seismic sea waves
C. they are caused by sudden changes in high and low tides
D. this terminology is not used by the scientific community
Câu 3. The word “displaced” in line 6 is closet in meaning to.
A. located
B. moved
C. filtered
D. not pleased
Câu 4. It can be inferred from the passage that tsunamis.
A. are often identified by ships on the ocean
B. are far more dangerous on the coast than in the open ocean
C. causes serve damage in the middle if the ocean
D. generally reach heights greater than 40 meters
Câu 5. In line 9, water that is “shallow” is NOT .
A. coastal
B. tidal
C. clear
D. deep
Câu 6. A main difference between tsunamis in Japan and in Hawaii is that tsunamis in Japan are more likely to .
A. arrive without warning
B. originate in Alaska
C. be less of a problem
D. come from greater distances
Câu 7. The possessive “their” in line 15 refers to .
A. these tsunamis
B. thousands of miles
C. the inhabitants of Hawaii
D. the Hawaii Islands
Câu 8. The passage suggests that the tsunamis resulting from the Krakatoa volcano .
A. resulted in little damage
B. caused volcanic explosions in the English Channel
C. actually traveled around the world
D. was unobserved outside of the Indonesian islands
PASSAGE 9
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 8.
Experts in climatology and other scientists are becoming extremely concerned about the changes to our climate which are taking place. Admittedly, climate changes have occurred on our planet before. For example, there have been several ice ages or glacial periods. These climatic changes, however, were different from the modern ones in that they occurred gradually and, as far as we know, naturally. The changes currently being monitored are said to be the result not of natural causes, but of human activity. Furthermore, the rate of change is becoming alarmingly rapid.
The major problem is that the planet appears to be warming up. According to some experts, this warming process, known as global warming, is occurring at a rate unprecedented in the last 10,000 years. The implications for the planet are very serious. Rising global temperatures could give rise to such ecological disasters as extremely high increases in the incidence of flooding and of droughts. These in turn could have a harmful effect on agriculture.
It is thought that this unusual warming of the Earth has been caused by so-called greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, being emitted into the atmosphere by car engines and modern industrial processes, for example. Such gases not only add to the pollution of the atmosphere, but also create a greenhouse effect, by which the heat of the sun is trapped. This leads to the warming up of the planet.
Politicians are also concerned about climate change and there are now regular summits on the subject, attended by representatives from around 180 of the world’s industrialized countries. Of these summits, the most important took place in Kyotoin Japanin 1997. There it was agreed that the most industrialized countries would try to reduce the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and were given targets for this reduction of emissions.
It was also suggested that more forests should be planted to create so-called sinks to absorb greenhouse gases. At least part of the problem of rapid climate change has been caused by too drastic deforestation. Sadly, the targets are not being met. Even more sadly, global warnings about climate changes are often still being regarded as scaremongering.
Câu 1. According to the passage, in what way did the climate changes in the ice ages differ from the modern ones
A. They occurred naturally over a long period of time
B. They were partly
C. They were wholly the result of human
D. They were fully monitored by
Câu 2. The word “alarmingly” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. disapprovingly
B. disappointingly
C. surprisingly
D. worryingly
Câu 3. According to the passage, agriculture could .
A. make the global warming more serious
B. be indirectly affected by the global temperature rises
C. give rise to many ecological disasters
D. be directly damaged by the rises in global temperature
Câu 4. Greenhouse gases cause the warming up of the Earth because they .
A. are emitted by car engines
B. trap heat from the sun
C. do not add to atmosphere pollution
D. are unusual gases
Câu 5. According to the passage, 1997 witnessed .
A. the largest number of summits on the subject of climate change
B. the most important summit on climate change taking place in Kyoto, Japan
C. the highest attendance by representatives from 180 industrialised countries
D. widespread concern about climate change
Câu 6. It can be inferred from the passage that the countries which are mainly responsible for global warming are .
A. countries with the warmest climate
B. developing countries
C. developed countries
D. the most industrialized countries
Câu 7. The word “There” in paragraph 5 refers to .
A. the world’s industrialized countries
B. regular summits on climate change
C. the most industrialized countries
D. the 1997 summit in Kyoto, Japan
Câu 8. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?
A. Carbon dioxide is one of the gases that may cause the so-called greenhouse
B. The so-called sinks created by forests can absorb greenhouse
C. The problem of rapid climate change has been caused mainly by deforestation
D. Politicians are among those who are concerned about climate change
PASSAGE 10
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Fungi are a group of organisms that, despite being plants, have no leaves or flowers. In fact, fungi do not even share the green colour that most other plants display. Scientists estimate that there are over 1.5 million different species of fungi in the world. Though, to date, only 100.000 have been identified, leaving many more that have not been found. One interesting feature of fungi is that they often interact with oilier organisms in order to survive. These relationships are at times beneficial to both organisms. Other times, the fungus benefits without causing harm to the other organism.
Many types of fungus have beneficial relationships with plants. Initially many gardeners would be concerned to know that their plants were colonised by a fungus. This is because some fungi can cause plants to die. In fact, the Irish potato famine was caused by a fungus that killed entire crops of potatoes. However, many plants actually depend on certain types of fungi to help it stay healthy. Fungi are important to plants because they help plants absorb more minerals from the soil than they could on their own. The reason for this has to do with how fungi obtain food. Unlike green plants, fungi cannot make their own food. They must absorb their food. When the fungi absorb minerals from the soil, they draw the nutrients closer to the roots of the plants, so the plant is able to use them as well. The fungus also benefits from this relationship. Using the minerals from the soil, as well as sunlight, the plants is able to produce sugars and other nutrients. Then the fungus absorbs the nutrients from plant roots and uses them to survive.
Not all relationships are beneficial for both organisms: in some interactions, only the fungus benefits. Still, for some fungus species, contact with other organisms is essential. And though the fungi do not provide any benefits for the other organism, they do not harm it either. One example of this is a species called Pilobolus. This fungus relies on other animals to help it reproduce. The Pilobolus grows in animal dung. When it becomes mature, it shoots its spores away from the dung pile. The spores land in the grass where cows graze. The spores are consumed by the animal but do not grow while inside the stomach. They travel through the body of the animal until they are passed and deposited in another area, where they continue to grow.
Câu 1. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that
A. Many species of fungi have yet to be discovered
B. Fungi do harm to the organism they interact with
C. Fungi can have green or dull brown colors
D. There are 100,000 species of fungi left no identity
Câu 2. The word “absorb” in the passage 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. consume
B. get in
C. deprive
D. take in
Câu 3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is not true about fungus growing on or near plants?
A. It can help maintain in the plant’s health
B. It neither benefits nor harms the plant
C. It is sometimes dangerous for plants.
D. It grows near the roots of the plant.
Câu 4. The word “them” in the passage 2 refers to .
A. minerals
B. plant roots
C. fungi
D. nutrients
Câu 5. The author discusses cows and horses in paragraph 3 in order to
A. illustrate how fungus can be harmful
B. explain how a type of fungus reproduces
C. give examples of animals that eat fungu
D. show that fungus can be found anywhere
Câu 6. According to the passage 3, Pilobolus fungus
A. doesn’t benefit from its relationship with animals
B. needs other organisms in order to reproduce
C. matures inside the stomachs of cows and horses
D. causes horses and cows to become ill
Câu 7. The word “graze” in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. eat
B. live
C. view
D. grow
— CÒN NỮ —